Finally! This year’s Doctor Who Christmas Special, “A Christmas Carol”, aimed to be more Christmas than special and become the most special Christmas special of them all.
Fortunately, there was no world domination plot, no ridiculous villain to fight, no messianic Doctor, and it WORKED. At its core, this was a story of love, loss, and redemption….all the things that a Christmas special need. I don’t know where they found young Kazran, but that boy absolutely killed it. Actually, everyone was fantastic. I loved seeing Rory and Amy honeymooning, and the juxtaposition of their ultra modern ship crashing into the Old World-esque planet was a great way to tie them in.
The Eleventh Doctor has the benefit of a tremendous production team, and though I love Nine’s entire being, I would have to say that Eleven has become my second favorite Doctor, well on his way to becoming my favorite.
Halfway out of the dark has never been so grand.
Awesome! Editor, excellent blog post many thanks for sharing. if you have time, you might enjoy my blogs too at Import Export
Americans nearing retirement and recent retirees said they were anxious and frustrated following a second day of market turmoil that hit their 401(k)s after President Donald Trump’s escalation of tariffs.
kraken32
As the impending tariffs shook the global economy Friday, people who were planning on their retirement accounts to carry them through their golden years said the economic chaos was hitting too close to home.
kra18 at
Some said they are pausing big-ticket purchases and reconsidering home renovations, while others said they fear their quality of life will be adversely affected by all the turmoil.
“I’m just kind of stunned, and with so much money in the market, we just sort of have to hope we have enough time to recover,” said Paula, 68, a former occupational health professional in New Jersey who retired three years ago.
Paula, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because she feared retaliation for speaking out against Trump administration policies, said she was worried about what lies ahead.
https://kr11at.com
“What we’ve been doing is trying to enjoy the time that we have, but you want to be able to make it last,” Paula said Friday. “I have no confidence here.”
Trump fulfilled his campaign promise this week to unleash sweeping tariffs, including on the United States’ largest trading partners, in a move that has sparked fears of a global trade war. The decision sent the stock market spinning. On Friday afternoon, the broad-based S&P 500 closed down 6%, the tech-heavy Nasdaq dropped 5.8%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell more than 2,200 points, or about 5.5%.
Americans nearing retirement and recent retirees said they were anxious and frustrated following a second day of market turmoil that hit their 401(k)s after President Donald Trump’s escalation of tariffs.
kra5 cc
As the impending tariffs shook the global economy Friday, people who were planning on their retirement accounts to carry them through their golden years said the economic chaos was hitting too close to home.
kraken12 at
Some said they are pausing big-ticket purchases and reconsidering home renovations, while others said they fear their quality of life will be adversely affected by all the turmoil.
“I’m just kind of stunned, and with so much money in the market, we just sort of have to hope we have enough time to recover,” said Paula, 68, a former occupational health professional in New Jersey who retired three years ago.
Paula, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because she feared retaliation for speaking out against Trump administration policies, said she was worried about what lies ahead.
https://kra5.net
“What we’ve been doing is trying to enjoy the time that we have, but you want to be able to make it last,” Paula said Friday. “I have no confidence here.”
Trump fulfilled his campaign promise this week to unleash sweeping tariffs, including on the United States’ largest trading partners, in a move that has sparked fears of a global trade war. The decision sent the stock market spinning. On Friday afternoon, the broad-based S&P 500 closed down 6%, the tech-heavy Nasdaq dropped 5.8%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell more than 2,200 points, or about 5.5%.
Americans nearing retirement and recent retirees said they were anxious and frustrated following a second day of market turmoil that hit their 401(k)s after President Donald Trump’s escalation of tariffs.
kraken8 at
As the impending tariffs shook the global economy Friday, people who were planning on their retirement accounts to carry them through their golden years said the economic chaos was hitting too close to home.
kraken21.at
Some said they are pausing big-ticket purchases and reconsidering home renovations, while others said they fear their quality of life will be adversely affected by all the turmoil.
“I’m just kind of stunned, and with so much money in the market, we just sort of have to hope we have enough time to recover,” said Paula, 68, a former occupational health professional in New Jersey who retired three years ago.
Paula, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because she feared retaliation for speaking out against Trump administration policies, said she was worried about what lies ahead.
https://kra-36-cc.ru
“What we’ve been doing is trying to enjoy the time that we have, but you want to be able to make it last,” Paula said Friday. “I have no confidence here.”
Trump fulfilled his campaign promise this week to unleash sweeping tariffs, including on the United States’ largest trading partners, in a move that has sparked fears of a global trade war. The decision sent the stock market spinning. On Friday afternoon, the broad-based S&P 500 closed down 6%, the tech-heavy Nasdaq dropped 5.8%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell more than 2,200 points, or about 5.5%.
motilium 10mg ca – buy domperidone no prescription buy flexeril online
‘We don’t want the American Dream for our kids’: Why this couple left the US for Ecuador with their children four years ago
??????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????????
They’d never even visited Ecuador before, but Brittany and Blake Bowen, from the United States, decided to move to the South American country in 2021 to give their four children a completely different upbringing.
The Bowens, who were previously based in the state of Washington, have been living in Loja, a small city based in the southern section of the Andes Mountains, ever since, and say that they are in it for the long haul.
“We love this little country,” Brittany tells CNN Travel. “We hope that maybe we’ll have grandkids here one day.”
Before the move, the couple, who’ve been married for nearly 17 years, say that they were becoming increasingly concerned about the pressures placed on children by “modern American society” and wanted to try something new.
“We did not like what we’d seen develop over the course of the last couple decades…” adds Brittany, explaining that they felt that young people in the United States were becoming “more isolated.”
“We weren’t confident that our kids would enjoy the same sort of potential trajectory that previous generations had shared.
“And the more we considered things like that, the more we wondered, ‘Is that even what we want? Do we even want them to be on a fast track to the American Dream?”
The couple were also frustrated with living what they describe as the “standard American life.”
“Long commutes and never enough money,” says Blake. “All those usual problems… I was working in a career that was very time consuming, and took me away from home a lot. So we didn’t want that anymore.”
So why did they choose Ecuador as their “new home”?
Americans nearing retirement and recent retirees said they were anxious and frustrated following a second day of market turmoil that hit their 401(k)s after President Donald Trump’s escalation of tariffs.
kraken29
As the impending tariffs shook the global economy Friday, people who were planning on their retirement accounts to carry them through their golden years said the economic chaos was hitting too close to home.
kraken6
Some said they are pausing big-ticket purchases and reconsidering home renovations, while others said they fear their quality of life will be adversely affected by all the turmoil.
“I’m just kind of stunned, and with so much money in the market, we just sort of have to hope we have enough time to recover,” said Paula, 68, a former occupational health professional in New Jersey who retired three years ago.
Paula, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because she feared retaliation for speaking out against Trump administration policies, said she was worried about what lies ahead.
https://kra-29at.cc
“What we’ve been doing is trying to enjoy the time that we have, but you want to be able to make it last,” Paula said Friday. “I have no confidence here.”
Trump fulfilled his campaign promise this week to unleash sweeping tariffs, including on the United States’ largest trading partners, in a move that has sparked fears of a global trade war. The decision sent the stock market spinning. On Friday afternoon, the broad-based S&P 500 closed down 6%, the tech-heavy Nasdaq dropped 5.8%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell more than 2,200 points, or about 5.5%.
domperidone online order – generic domperidone 10mg order generic cyclobenzaprine 15mg
oral domperidone – buy generic flexeril brand flexeril
??? ?????????? ????????? ???? «????-??-???» – «??????» – «???? ???» ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? – ? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????, ?????? ??????????????????? ??-?? ??????????? ???????, ???????????? ?????? ??????????? «???? ???», ??????? ??????????????? ???? VII ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? – ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ? ???????? ????. ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????. ?? ??????? ? ???????????? ? 2023 ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? – ???????? ????????????, ???? ?? ???????????, ???????? ????? ? ???????????, ????????? ?????????????? ????????????????, ? ????? 83-?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? «???? ???» ? ??????? ???????????? ???????? «????-??-???» ?????? ????????? – ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ?? ??????????????? – ?????? ?????????, ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????, ? ??????????? ????????? ????? 12-???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????, ??????? ?????????? ? ???? ???? ?????????, ?????? ????????? (????? ??????????? – ???????). ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????? – ???????? ? ??? ? ???? ????, ???????????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ??? ???, ?????????? ??????, ? ? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ???????? ????????, ? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????????????? ??????????. ??????? ????????????? ? ????? ?????????. ??? ???? ? ????, ??????? ???? ? ????? ??????? 2024 ????, ???? ?????????? ????????????? – ? ?????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???????????, ??? ? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???. ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????????? – ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????????, ????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????? – 20 ???. ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? – ?????? 2022 ????, ? ?????? ??????? ???????, ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ???????????, ? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????????, ???? ??????, ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? (? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????????: ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ? ????). ?? ? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ???????????? ???? – ? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????. ?????????? ???????? «? ????????? ????» ?? ????????? ???????? ????????????? – ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????????, ?????????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? «??????», ? ??????, ?????????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????????????? – ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ? «????????» ?? ??????????????, ?? ?????????: ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????? «????-??-???». ? «???????» ???????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? – ??????? ? ??????? 2022 ???? ????????? ????????, ? ????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ? ?????????????????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????????, ? ????? ???. ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ? ????????? ??????, ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????. ?? ?????????? «???? ???» ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????, ?? ??????????????? ? ?????-??????????, ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ??????. ? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ???, ?????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ????, ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????????: ?????????? ????? ? ????????????? ?????????? – 282 ??? ??????, ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? – ????? 4 ???? ??????. ??? ????? ????????? ?????????????, ? ??? 600 ??? – ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????. 282 ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????????????? ?? ????? ???????????, ?? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????, ??????????????? ??? ????????, – ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????! ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????????. ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????????? ????? «????-??-???», ??????? ?????????? ? 2014 ?? ?????? 2022 ????; ???????? «??????», ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????????; ??????????? «???? ???», ? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????, ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???, ???? ????????? ???????, ??? ??? ?????????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??????????, ???????? ? ???????????, ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ? ???????????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????, ????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????????, ? ????? ??????????? ? ??? ????????. ?? ?????? ?? ??, ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????, ??????? ?? ????????????, – ??? ??? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????????. ???????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? – ??? ?????? ????, ??????????, ?????? ???? ???????? ? ???? ????????. ????-?? ?? ??????????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????????. ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????????, ??? ? «??????», ??? ??????? ? ???, ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? – ????? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ??????? ? ????. ??????????, ??? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ????????: ?? ????????, ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ????????, ?? ? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????????. ? ? ????? 2021 ???? – ??????? ???????? ? ????????????????? ?????? ??, ????? ????????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????, ??????? ??????????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????????. ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????????. ???????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????????, ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ????????????? – ???? ???????? ? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ????????. ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ? ????????? ????????; ????????, ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????; ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????????????. ? ????? 2022 ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????: ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ? ????? 2022-?? ?? ???? 2025 ???? ????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? – ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???????????, ?????????? ????, ????? ? ??????????, ????????, ????????????? ???????????, ?? 12 ???? ??????. ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????, ? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????????? ? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? (? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????), ? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????. ????????? «????????????» ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????, ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ??????????? ? ???????? ????? ???????. ????? ???????? ????? 2,5 ???., ????? ????? ?????? ?? – ??????? 1,5 ???? ??????, ???????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? – ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ? ????????????? ??????? ?? 115-??: ???? ? ???, ??? ???????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? – ?? ??. 174 ?? (???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????), ??????? ? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?? «???????», ?? ???????? ? ????????? ????, ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????. ????? ????, ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????, ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????. ?, ???????? ?? ??? ?????????, ??????????, ??????????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ??????????????? ????????????. ????????? ?????????? ??????? – ???????? ?????????, ????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????????????, ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????, ? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ?????????????. ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ?????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????, ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????. ??????????, ?? ?????? ?????? ????????, ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? 2022 ???? ?? ????? 2025-??, ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????. ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????.
‘A whole different mindset’
Accurate clockwork is one matter. But how future astronauts living and working on the lunar surface will experience time is a different question entirely.
kraken ??????????? ????
On Earth, our sense of one day is governed by the fact that the planet completes one rotation every 24 hours, giving most locations a consistent cycle of daylight and darkened nights. On the moon, however, the equator receives roughly 14 days of sunlight followed by 14 days of darkness.
“It’s just a very, very different concept” on the moon, Betts said. “And (NASA is) talking about landing astronauts in the very interesting south polar region (of the moon), where you have permanently lit and permanently shadowed areas. So, that’s a whole other set of confusion.”
https://kra30c.cc
kraken onion
“It’ll be challenging” for those astronauts, Betts added. “It’s so different than Earth, and it’s just a whole different mindset.”
That will be true no matter what time is displayed on the astronauts’ watches.
Still, precision timekeeping matters — not just for the sake of scientifically understanding the passage of time on the moon but also for setting up all the infrastructure necessary to carry out missions.
The beauty of creating a time scale from scratch, Gramling said, is that scientists can take everything they have learned about timekeeping on Earth and apply it to a new system on the moon.
And if scientists can get it right on the moon, she added, they can get it right later down the road if NASA fulfills its goal of sending astronauts deeper into the solar system.
“We are very much looking at executing this on the moon, learning what we can learn,” Gramling said, “so that we are prepared to do the same thing on Mars or other future bodies.”
order inderal 20mg – methotrexate 2.5mg over the counter buy methotrexate 10mg generic
Space, time: The continual question
If time moves differently on the peaks of mountains than the shores of the ocean, you can imagine that things get even more bizarre the farther away from Earth you travel.
kraken ????
To add more complication: Time also passes slower the faster a person or spacecraft is moving, according to Einstein’s theory of special relativity.
Astronauts on the International Space Station, for example, are lucky, said Dr. Bijunath Patla, a theoretical physicist with the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, in a phone interview. Though the space station orbits about 200 miles (322 kilometers) above Earth’s surface, it also travels at high speeds — looping the planet 16 times per day — so the effects of relativity somewhat cancel each other out, Patla said. For that reason, astronauts on the orbiting laboratory can easily use Earth time to stay on schedule.
https://kra30c.cc
kraken onion
For other missions — it’s not so simple.
Fortunately, scientists already have decades of experience contending with the complexities.
Spacecraft, for example, are equipped with their own clocks called oscillators, Gramling said.
“They maintain their own time,” Gramling said. “And most of our operations for spacecraft — even spacecraft that are all the way out at Pluto, or the Kuiper Belt, like New Horizons — (rely on) ground stations that are back on Earth. So everything they’re doing has to correlate with UTC.”
But those spacecraft also rely on their own kept time, Gramling said. Vehicles exploring deep into the solar system, for example, have to know — based on their own time scale — when they are approaching a planet in case the spacecraft needs to use that planetary body for navigational purposes, she added.
For 50 years, scientists have also been able to observe atomic clocks that are tucked aboard GPS satellites, which orbit Earth about 12,550 miles (20,200 kilometers) away — or about one-nineteenth the distance between our planet and the moon.
Studying those clocks has given scientists a great starting point to begin extrapolating further as they set out to establish a new time scale for the moon, Patla said.
“We can easily compare (GPS) clocks to clocks on the ground,” Patla said, adding that scientists have found a way to gently slow GPS clocks down, making them tick more in-line with Earth-bound clocks. “Obviously, it’s not as easy as it sounds, but it’s easier than making a mess.”
‘A whole different mindset’
Accurate clockwork is one matter. But how future astronauts living and working on the lunar surface will experience time is a different question entirely.
kraken tor
On Earth, our sense of one day is governed by the fact that the planet completes one rotation every 24 hours, giving most locations a consistent cycle of daylight and darkened nights. On the moon, however, the equator receives roughly 14 days of sunlight followed by 14 days of darkness.
“It’s just a very, very different concept” on the moon, Betts said. “And (NASA is) talking about landing astronauts in the very interesting south polar region (of the moon), where you have permanently lit and permanently shadowed areas. So, that’s a whole other set of confusion.”
https://kra30c.cc
kraken darknet
“It’ll be challenging” for those astronauts, Betts added. “It’s so different than Earth, and it’s just a whole different mindset.”
That will be true no matter what time is displayed on the astronauts’ watches.
Still, precision timekeeping matters — not just for the sake of scientifically understanding the passage of time on the moon but also for setting up all the infrastructure necessary to carry out missions.
The beauty of creating a time scale from scratch, Gramling said, is that scientists can take everything they have learned about timekeeping on Earth and apply it to a new system on the moon.
And if scientists can get it right on the moon, she added, they can get it right later down the road if NASA fulfills its goal of sending astronauts deeper into the solar system.
“We are very much looking at executing this on the moon, learning what we can learn,” Gramling said, “so that we are prepared to do the same thing on Mars or other future bodies.”
Lunar clockwork
What scientists know for certain is that they need to get precision timekeeping instruments to the moon.
kraken tor
Exactly who pays for lunar clocks, which type of clocks will go, and where they’ll be positioned are all questions that remain up in the air, Gramling said.
“We have to work all of this out,” she said. “I don’t think we know yet. I think it will be an amalgamation of several different things.”
https://kra30c.cc
??????
Atomic clocks, Gramling noted, are great for long-term stability, and crystal oscillators have an advantage for short-term stability.
“You never trust one clock,” Gramling added. “And you never trust two clocks.”
Clocks of various types could be placed inside satellites that orbit the moon or perhaps at the precise locations on the lunar surface that astronauts will one day visit.
As for price, an atomic clock worthy of space travel could cost around a few million dollars, according Gramling, with crystal oscillators coming in substantially cheaper.
But, Patla said, you get what you pay for.
“The very cheap oscillators may be off by milliseconds or even 10s of milliseconds,” he added. “And that is important because for navigation purposes — we need to have the clocks synchronized to 10s of nanoseconds.”
A network of clocks on the moon could work in concert to inform the new lunar time scale, just as atomic clocks do for UTC on Earth.
(There will not, Gramling added, be different time zones on the moon. “There have been conversations about creating different zones, with the answer: ‘No,’” she said. “But that could change in the future.”)
‘A whole different mindset’
Accurate clockwork is one matter. But how future astronauts living and working on the lunar surface will experience time is a different question entirely.
?????? ??????
On Earth, our sense of one day is governed by the fact that the planet completes one rotation every 24 hours, giving most locations a consistent cycle of daylight and darkened nights. On the moon, however, the equator receives roughly 14 days of sunlight followed by 14 days of darkness.
“It’s just a very, very different concept” on the moon, Betts said. “And (NASA is) talking about landing astronauts in the very interesting south polar region (of the moon), where you have permanently lit and permanently shadowed areas. So, that’s a whole other set of confusion.”
https://kra30c.cc
kra cc
“It’ll be challenging” for those astronauts, Betts added. “It’s so different than Earth, and it’s just a whole different mindset.”
That will be true no matter what time is displayed on the astronauts’ watches.
Still, precision timekeeping matters — not just for the sake of scientifically understanding the passage of time on the moon but also for setting up all the infrastructure necessary to carry out missions.
The beauty of creating a time scale from scratch, Gramling said, is that scientists can take everything they have learned about timekeeping on Earth and apply it to a new system on the moon.
And if scientists can get it right on the moon, she added, they can get it right later down the road if NASA fulfills its goal of sending astronauts deeper into the solar system.
“We are very much looking at executing this on the moon, learning what we can learn,” Gramling said, “so that we are prepared to do the same thing on Mars or other future bodies.”
Space, time: The continual question
If time moves differently on the peaks of mountains than the shores of the ocean, you can imagine that things get even more bizarre the farther away from Earth you travel.
kraken ?????
To add more complication: Time also passes slower the faster a person or spacecraft is moving, according to Einstein’s theory of special relativity.
Astronauts on the International Space Station, for example, are lucky, said Dr. Bijunath Patla, a theoretical physicist with the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, in a phone interview. Though the space station orbits about 200 miles (322 kilometers) above Earth’s surface, it also travels at high speeds — looping the planet 16 times per day — so the effects of relativity somewhat cancel each other out, Patla said. For that reason, astronauts on the orbiting laboratory can easily use Earth time to stay on schedule.
https://kra30c.cc
kraken
For other missions — it’s not so simple.
Fortunately, scientists already have decades of experience contending with the complexities.
Spacecraft, for example, are equipped with their own clocks called oscillators, Gramling said.
“They maintain their own time,” Gramling said. “And most of our operations for spacecraft — even spacecraft that are all the way out at Pluto, or the Kuiper Belt, like New Horizons — (rely on) ground stations that are back on Earth. So everything they’re doing has to correlate with UTC.”
But those spacecraft also rely on their own kept time, Gramling said. Vehicles exploring deep into the solar system, for example, have to know — based on their own time scale — when they are approaching a planet in case the spacecraft needs to use that planetary body for navigational purposes, she added.
For 50 years, scientists have also been able to observe atomic clocks that are tucked aboard GPS satellites, which orbit Earth about 12,550 miles (20,200 kilometers) away — or about one-nineteenth the distance between our planet and the moon.
Studying those clocks has given scientists a great starting point to begin extrapolating further as they set out to establish a new time scale for the moon, Patla said.
“We can easily compare (GPS) clocks to clocks on the ground,” Patla said, adding that scientists have found a way to gently slow GPS clocks down, making them tick more in-line with Earth-bound clocks. “Obviously, it’s not as easy as it sounds, but it’s easier than making a mess.”
Lunar clockwork
What scientists know for certain is that they need to get precision timekeeping instruments to the moon.
?????? ???????
Exactly who pays for lunar clocks, which type of clocks will go, and where they’ll be positioned are all questions that remain up in the air, Gramling said.
“We have to work all of this out,” she said. “I don’t think we know yet. I think it will be an amalgamation of several different things.”
https://kra30c.cc
???????? ??????
Atomic clocks, Gramling noted, are great for long-term stability, and crystal oscillators have an advantage for short-term stability.
“You never trust one clock,” Gramling added. “And you never trust two clocks.”
Clocks of various types could be placed inside satellites that orbit the moon or perhaps at the precise locations on the lunar surface that astronauts will one day visit.
As for price, an atomic clock worthy of space travel could cost around a few million dollars, according Gramling, with crystal oscillators coming in substantially cheaper.
But, Patla said, you get what you pay for.
“The very cheap oscillators may be off by milliseconds or even 10s of milliseconds,” he added. “And that is important because for navigation purposes — we need to have the clocks synchronized to 10s of nanoseconds.”
A network of clocks on the moon could work in concert to inform the new lunar time scale, just as atomic clocks do for UTC on Earth.
(There will not, Gramling added, be different time zones on the moon. “There have been conversations about creating different zones, with the answer: ‘No,’” she said. “But that could change in the future.”)
‘A whole different mindset’
Accurate clockwork is one matter. But how future astronauts living and working on the lunar surface will experience time is a different question entirely.
??????
On Earth, our sense of one day is governed by the fact that the planet completes one rotation every 24 hours, giving most locations a consistent cycle of daylight and darkened nights. On the moon, however, the equator receives roughly 14 days of sunlight followed by 14 days of darkness.
“It’s just a very, very different concept” on the moon, Betts said. “And (NASA is) talking about landing astronauts in the very interesting south polar region (of the moon), where you have permanently lit and permanently shadowed areas. So, that’s a whole other set of confusion.”
https://kra30c.cc
??????
“It’ll be challenging” for those astronauts, Betts added. “It’s so different than Earth, and it’s just a whole different mindset.”
That will be true no matter what time is displayed on the astronauts’ watches.
Still, precision timekeeping matters — not just for the sake of scientifically understanding the passage of time on the moon but also for setting up all the infrastructure necessary to carry out missions.
The beauty of creating a time scale from scratch, Gramling said, is that scientists can take everything they have learned about timekeeping on Earth and apply it to a new system on the moon.
And if scientists can get it right on the moon, she added, they can get it right later down the road if NASA fulfills its goal of sending astronauts deeper into the solar system.
“We are very much looking at executing this on the moon, learning what we can learn,” Gramling said, “so that we are prepared to do the same thing on Mars or other future bodies.”
Space, time: The continual question
If time moves differently on the peaks of mountains than the shores of the ocean, you can imagine that things get even more bizarre the farther away from Earth you travel.
??????
To add more complication: Time also passes slower the faster a person or spacecraft is moving, according to Einstein’s theory of special relativity.
Astronauts on the International Space Station, for example, are lucky, said Dr. Bijunath Patla, a theoretical physicist with the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, in a phone interview. Though the space station orbits about 200 miles (322 kilometers) above Earth’s surface, it also travels at high speeds — looping the planet 16 times per day — so the effects of relativity somewhat cancel each other out, Patla said. For that reason, astronauts on the orbiting laboratory can easily use Earth time to stay on schedule.
https://kra30c.cc
kra30 cc
For other missions — it’s not so simple.
Fortunately, scientists already have decades of experience contending with the complexities.
Spacecraft, for example, are equipped with their own clocks called oscillators, Gramling said.
“They maintain their own time,” Gramling said. “And most of our operations for spacecraft — even spacecraft that are all the way out at Pluto, or the Kuiper Belt, like New Horizons — (rely on) ground stations that are back on Earth. So everything they’re doing has to correlate with UTC.”
But those spacecraft also rely on their own kept time, Gramling said. Vehicles exploring deep into the solar system, for example, have to know — based on their own time scale — when they are approaching a planet in case the spacecraft needs to use that planetary body for navigational purposes, she added.
For 50 years, scientists have also been able to observe atomic clocks that are tucked aboard GPS satellites, which orbit Earth about 12,550 miles (20,200 kilometers) away — or about one-nineteenth the distance between our planet and the moon.
Studying those clocks has given scientists a great starting point to begin extrapolating further as they set out to establish a new time scale for the moon, Patla said.
“We can easily compare (GPS) clocks to clocks on the ground,” Patla said, adding that scientists have found a way to gently slow GPS clocks down, making them tick more in-line with Earth-bound clocks. “Obviously, it’s not as easy as it sounds, but it’s easier than making a mess.”
Lunar clockwork
What scientists know for certain is that they need to get precision timekeeping instruments to the moon.
???????? ??????
Exactly who pays for lunar clocks, which type of clocks will go, and where they’ll be positioned are all questions that remain up in the air, Gramling said.
“We have to work all of this out,” she said. “I don’t think we know yet. I think it will be an amalgamation of several different things.”
https://kra30c.cc
kraken
Atomic clocks, Gramling noted, are great for long-term stability, and crystal oscillators have an advantage for short-term stability.
“You never trust one clock,” Gramling added. “And you never trust two clocks.”
Clocks of various types could be placed inside satellites that orbit the moon or perhaps at the precise locations on the lunar surface that astronauts will one day visit.
As for price, an atomic clock worthy of space travel could cost around a few million dollars, according Gramling, with crystal oscillators coming in substantially cheaper.
But, Patla said, you get what you pay for.
“The very cheap oscillators may be off by milliseconds or even 10s of milliseconds,” he added. “And that is important because for navigation purposes — we need to have the clocks synchronized to 10s of nanoseconds.”
A network of clocks on the moon could work in concert to inform the new lunar time scale, just as atomic clocks do for UTC on Earth.
(There will not, Gramling added, be different time zones on the moon. “There have been conversations about creating different zones, with the answer: ‘No,’” she said. “But that could change in the future.”)
Space, time: The continual question
If time moves differently on the peaks of mountains than the shores of the ocean, you can imagine that things get even more bizarre the farther away from Earth you travel.
kraken tor
To add more complication: Time also passes slower the faster a person or spacecraft is moving, according to Einstein’s theory of special relativity.
Astronauts on the International Space Station, for example, are lucky, said Dr. Bijunath Patla, a theoretical physicist with the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, in a phone interview. Though the space station orbits about 200 miles (322 kilometers) above Earth’s surface, it also travels at high speeds — looping the planet 16 times per day — so the effects of relativity somewhat cancel each other out, Patla said. For that reason, astronauts on the orbiting laboratory can easily use Earth time to stay on schedule.
https://kra30c.cc
kra31 cc
For other missions — it’s not so simple.
Fortunately, scientists already have decades of experience contending with the complexities.
Spacecraft, for example, are equipped with their own clocks called oscillators, Gramling said.
“They maintain their own time,” Gramling said. “And most of our operations for spacecraft — even spacecraft that are all the way out at Pluto, or the Kuiper Belt, like New Horizons — (rely on) ground stations that are back on Earth. So everything they’re doing has to correlate with UTC.”
But those spacecraft also rely on their own kept time, Gramling said. Vehicles exploring deep into the solar system, for example, have to know — based on their own time scale — when they are approaching a planet in case the spacecraft needs to use that planetary body for navigational purposes, she added.
For 50 years, scientists have also been able to observe atomic clocks that are tucked aboard GPS satellites, which orbit Earth about 12,550 miles (20,200 kilometers) away — or about one-nineteenth the distance between our planet and the moon.
Studying those clocks has given scientists a great starting point to begin extrapolating further as they set out to establish a new time scale for the moon, Patla said.
“We can easily compare (GPS) clocks to clocks on the ground,” Patla said, adding that scientists have found a way to gently slow GPS clocks down, making them tick more in-line with Earth-bound clocks. “Obviously, it’s not as easy as it sounds, but it’s easier than making a mess.”
Lunar clockwork
What scientists know for certain is that they need to get precision timekeeping instruments to the moon.
kra cc
Exactly who pays for lunar clocks, which type of clocks will go, and where they’ll be positioned are all questions that remain up in the air, Gramling said.
“We have to work all of this out,” she said. “I don’t think we know yet. I think it will be an amalgamation of several different things.”
https://kra30c.cc
kraken ???????
Atomic clocks, Gramling noted, are great for long-term stability, and crystal oscillators have an advantage for short-term stability.
“You never trust one clock,” Gramling added. “And you never trust two clocks.”
Clocks of various types could be placed inside satellites that orbit the moon or perhaps at the precise locations on the lunar surface that astronauts will one day visit.
As for price, an atomic clock worthy of space travel could cost around a few million dollars, according Gramling, with crystal oscillators coming in substantially cheaper.
But, Patla said, you get what you pay for.
“The very cheap oscillators may be off by milliseconds or even 10s of milliseconds,” he added. “And that is important because for navigation purposes — we need to have the clocks synchronized to 10s of nanoseconds.”
A network of clocks on the moon could work in concert to inform the new lunar time scale, just as atomic clocks do for UTC on Earth.
(There will not, Gramling added, be different time zones on the moon. “There have been conversations about creating different zones, with the answer: ‘No,’” she said. “But that could change in the future.”)
‘A whole different mindset’
Accurate clockwork is one matter. But how future astronauts living and working on the lunar surface will experience time is a different question entirely.
?????? ?????
On Earth, our sense of one day is governed by the fact that the planet completes one rotation every 24 hours, giving most locations a consistent cycle of daylight and darkened nights. On the moon, however, the equator receives roughly 14 days of sunlight followed by 14 days of darkness.
“It’s just a very, very different concept” on the moon, Betts said. “And (NASA is) talking about landing astronauts in the very interesting south polar region (of the moon), where you have permanently lit and permanently shadowed areas. So, that’s a whole other set of confusion.”
https://kra30c.cc
?????? ????
“It’ll be challenging” for those astronauts, Betts added. “It’s so different than Earth, and it’s just a whole different mindset.”
That will be true no matter what time is displayed on the astronauts’ watches.
Still, precision timekeeping matters — not just for the sake of scientifically understanding the passage of time on the moon but also for setting up all the infrastructure necessary to carry out missions.
The beauty of creating a time scale from scratch, Gramling said, is that scientists can take everything they have learned about timekeeping on Earth and apply it to a new system on the moon.
And if scientists can get it right on the moon, she added, they can get it right later down the road if NASA fulfills its goal of sending astronauts deeper into the solar system.
“We are very much looking at executing this on the moon, learning what we can learn,” Gramling said, “so that we are prepared to do the same thing on Mars or other future bodies.”
order inderal 10mg online – cheap inderal 20mg buy methotrexate 5mg
Great post! We are linking to this great article on our site. Keep up the great writing.